The function of criticism at the present time. By Mathew Arnold

    

        This essay by Arnold was published in "Essay in criticism"  in the year 1865 the major point of concern in essay was the preveling attitude that creative and constructive ability is more important than critical ability.
           Arnold here traise to alabrated on the definition of criticism by saying that it is the endeabour in all the branches of knowledge, philosophy, history, art, science  to see the object as in it self it really is.
           There for it can be said that in order to create anything which is valuable one required to have the necessary mind set to understand.
             According to Arnold criticism is all about generating idea during a specific time and place in history. He further goes on and argues that emotional experience in writing criticism and emotional experience in writing. Creative work this is all most equal, he is again the opinion of people who undermine criticism.
              He continuosly tries to define criticism by saying that the affect  that goes in to it is all most the same as any creative activity. Further in this essay he makes a comparison between  Goethe and Byron according to him both of them had equal creative and productive poet but Goethe had the strong backing of critical afford through the rich knowledge of cultural background and that is why Goethe as a writer is concider and raited highly as against Lord Byron.
         
                  
                True this example Arnold wants to say that every poet should first try to understand the world in which he or she lives and than be creative.According to Arnold any criticism is an out come of extreme quriocity which is the stepin stone to knowledge. The quriocity should be disimprested that is being objective it can be free from any external influence and it should be given important as a discipline in it self.

                 Criticism should not be allow it self to be submitted any political consideration and it should serve nothing but it self. The function of criticism there for his to give way to the flaw of ideas and it should there for be followed by a lot of honesty and self duty.

                Criticism should not be having and practical considerate it should be alone without looking for any ends and should in vole it self in the process which is extremely creative and never ending.

               Arnold also talks about skepticism and this mind set set came in to existisant because of the development of science during this period. Arnold believe that production of good literature is depended on the generation of contextual idea.

             In order to support this argument Arnold gives a lot of importance to culture by calling it study of perfection it should be taken as a aremonious link between literature and the thought process.

          In this essay Arnold further deals with the important of criticism in education because through criticism understanding of surtain aspect with regard to politics, society and literature is enhanced.

               He believes that criticism has an important social function and there for advocate the importance of criticism as a genere in education because it may become responsible in the generation of context of idea in order to anlies literature.

                There are surtain questions to be addressed in order to understand the critical affects and according to Arnold it is all about laying emphasis on the ideas and having the capacity to scrutinize.

                 The highest function of men is to exercise creative power and get involved in creative activity. According to Arnold creativity is all about synthesis and exposition, not anything and discovery.

                 Inspite of the fact that Arnold phaises critical power lower than creative power,  he does not deny that creative activity can be done even if you a not producing great works of literature or art.

                Moving further Arnold talks about the relationship between creativity and critical power and focusing apone the fact that any literarary creation is not possible without criticism.
              The answer to this question is that any critical power purports intellectual atmosphere in which art flarishis creative power according to Arnold works with multitude of fresh ideas that make creative art.

               Instinct in criticism is very important as criticism is about shaping the instinct. Criticism should not lend it self to any political social or practical consideration of an idea.

               Combining everything Arnold finally defined criticism as the idea of disinterested endevare to learn and propagate the best that is noun and thought in the world.

            

Language Lab

Language Lab

What is a language lab

      Modern language labs are known by many names, digital language lab, multimedia language lab, language media center and multimedia learning center to name but a few.

            Language labs are audio and audio-visual systems that help students learn new languages through listening and speaking.In their everyday, old-school language labs required hardware to be set up in classrooms. The teacher occupied one master console while students sat at booths with mics. The teacher fed students educational content through a cassette-based system which the students could then listen and respond to at their own pace.

        With a language lab, all students in the class can speak simultaneously without distracting each other regardless of the class size. Without a language lab, in a class of more than 10 students, each student gets less than one minute of speaking practice.

https://youtu.be/rN8kRNblev8

History of Language Lab:

         The word ‘laboratory’ originated in the late 15th century. It refers to a specific structure or a room for mixing chemicals and preparing medicines by science experts. Scientists used to follow structured steps to perform their experiments and research purpose. With the progress of science few types of mechanical and electronic equipment were added to this structure. Later on this structure was introduced for teaching learning process. Any learner can develop one’s subject knowledge practically in controlled conditions. Observe and improve through own experience is the key concern of any laboratory. Today specific requirements of subjects and technology have changed the form of laboratories. It has transcended the boundaries of various subjects. Nowadays laboratory is been used by engineering and language students as well. Popularly it is abbreviated as lab. Language learning has its separate requirements like all other subjects. There are four skills to master as Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. The sequence of all these skills is also important.

               Language laboratories have also greatly improved and are rapidly becoming more complex and expensive. Each student commonly has a tape recorder as well as headphones and a microphone in his booth. There is also visual equipment such as videotape recorders, overhead projectors, opaque projectors, and slide and movie projectors.Since 1950s, language laboratories have well been developed.

                 Knowledge gives birth to technology and technology helps in knowledge spreading. It is known fact that any new invention in technology proves to be a boon for those who uses it in a better way. Educational purpose is one of the best way of utilizing this discovery. Such best examples are invention of printing press, radio, television and computer. The best use of printing press is in printing material related to teaching learning process. In the same way radio and television were invented for information broadcasting and entertainment but they both are also being used for educational purpose. The history of teaching through technology is dated behind in 1943. A red letter day was when a separate department for learning English was established in BBC in the year 1943. After two years of meticulous work, in 1945 BBC World Service came up with the first English language teaching programme. Initially the program was known as ‘English 43 by Radio’ and after changing few more names today it is known as ‘BBC Learning English’. According to Wikipedia also “The Light Programme was a BBC radio station which broadcast chiefly mainstream light entertainment and music from 1945 until 1967, when it was rebranded as BBC Radio 2. It opened on 29 July 1945, taking over the long wave frequency which had earlier been used – prior to the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 – by the BBC National Programme.”

               The history of the American language laboratory can be divided in to five periods, 1)tht beginning period, before World War II, 2)the establishing period,  until 1958 when the National Defense Education Academy, which supplied largely amounts of money for education, was passed, 3) the developing period, until the end of the 1960s 4) the diminishing period, until the end of the 1970s,  and 5) the revival period,  until today. 

Advantages of language lab:

        Students learn much faster in the language lab. Use more resources and varied activities than in a traditional classroom.Language labs allow students to practice the language with a much wider variety of activities and exercises based on the computer. Language labs are an intuitive tool for both the student and teacher.It is very useful to enhance our Listing Speaking Reading Writing  Skill.Language lab software can help to learn language in simple,easiest way and it improves our vocabulary.

Disadvantages of Language lab:

It is difficult to get a student’s attention whenever they are on the computer. Muscular-skeletal injuries and vision problems can arise whenever students spend too much time using the computer. The authenticity of a particular student's work is also a problem as online just about anyone can do a project rather than the actual student itself.The assessments that are computer marked generally have a tendency of being only knowledge-based and not necessarily practicality-based.

                                    

Past, Present and Future of Language Laboratories :

 LANGUAGE LABORATORIES: PAST:

          According to Kitao  language laboratory has their root in United States of America since 1950s. He divided the history of the American language laboratory to five periods; namely, the beginning period, the establishing period, the developing period, the diminishing period, and the revival period.

A) Media: In 1950s, language laboratories were established to provide language training with advanced technology for language learners. In early history, phonographs, a kind of record player was used to record sound and became a tool for teaching foreign languages in the nineteenth century. The first of them was established at the University of Grenoble in 1908.

B) Criticism:  However, these original language laboratories (1970s-1980s) were heavily criticized on their reliability and effectiveness in teaching foreign languages.The traditional CALL used in the early 1980s was computer-based materials for language teaching requiring interaction between learners and the computer screen. Tasks are; for example, filling in gaped texts, matching sentence halves and doing multiple-choice activities

 LANGUAGE LABORATORY: PRESENT:

Since 1950s, language laboratories have well been developed.
A) Podcasts: Using a podcast is similar to listening to radio or watching a TV show. However, a podcast allows you to listen to or watch on a topic that interests you whenever you want to. Teachers can use podcasts to present extracts of authentic audiovisual material. Learners can download these materials from the internet. The content can be used both inside and outside the classroom.Nowadays, technology helps teachers become podcasts content producers, providing learners with supplementary pedagogical material that supports independent learning, revision, extension or “catch-up” material.

B) Blogs:  Blogs have existed on the Internet since 1998. Later in August, 1999, Blogger, a free blog hosting service was launched.Blog is an online personal journal that can be updated as frequent as the author wishes. Blogs are popular in several areas and that makes it no wonder education can’t afford to ignore. As blogs provide space and tools for writing, EFL writing can employ it as a powerful teaching tool.Blogs benefit academic in several ways. In some universities, blogs were used to be a mean for exchanging of information with students in other countries.The tutor blogs are created by the teacher to communicate with students regarding class activities. The student blogs are owned by the students as a personal blog or as a gateway to communicate with others. The last type of blog is class blogs. Students enrolling the same course may be assigned to use these blogs as a class project.

C) Wikis: Wikis and blogs are quite similar in some senses. They both require the EFL learners to write and share on the web pages. A wiki can be used in the context of doing project work ranging from a simple low-level project e.g., making a poster presentation about a famous person, to high-level e.g., investigative work where learners research a subject and present polemical views and opinions in a report or debate.

 FUTURE OF LANGUAGE LABORATORIES:

While e Learning will undoubtedly be with EFL management, it is very difficult to say what the labs in the future EFL classes will be like. In fact the question is whether language laboratories will exist.EFL teachers need to reconsider if there is the need for a lab that provides physical space for equipment and materials, teachers and students. Or what we need is simply technology that allows, enables and manages the learning.

conclusion:

         The language laboratory is a very helpful tool for practicing and assessing one’s speech in any language. It provides a facility which allows the student to listen to model pronunciation, repeat and record the same, listen to their performance and compare with the model, and do self-assessment. Since the language laboratory gives every learner of any language freedom to learn at their own pace, it is flexible and does not necessarily require a teacher all the time. 

The Bluest Eye. By Tony Morrison.

The Bluest Eye 
By : Toni Morrison

Introduction about the author :

Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford, February 18, 1931) is a Nobel Prize- and Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist, editor and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, exquisite language and richly detailed African-American characters who are central to their narratives. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Beloved, Jazz, Love and A Mercy. Morrison has earned a plethora of book-world accolades and honorary degrees, also receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012.

Plot overview :
Nine-year-old Claudia and ten-year-old Frieda MacTeer live in Lorain, Ohio, with their parents. It is the end of the Great Depression, and the girls’ parents are more concerned with making ends meet than with lavishing attention upon their daughters, but there is an undercurrent of love and stability in their home. The MacTeers take in a boarder, Henry Washington, and also a young girl named Pecola. Pecola’s father has tried to burn down his family’s house, and Claudia and Frieda feel sorry for her. Pecola loves Shirley Temple, believing that whiteness is beautiful and that she is ugly.
Pecola moves back in with her family, and her life is difficult. Her father drinks, her mother is distant, and the two of them often beat one another. Her brother, Sammy, frequently runs away. Pecola believes that if she had blue eyes, she would be loved and her life would be transformed. Meanwhile, she continually receives confirmation of her own sense of ugliness—the grocer looks right through her when she buys candy, boys make fun of her, and a light-skinned girl, Maureen, who temporarily befriends her makes fun of her too. She is wrongly blamed for killing a boy’s cat and is called a “nasty little black bitch” by his mother.
We learn that Pecola’s parents have both had difficult lives. Pauline, her mother, has a lame foot and has always felt isolated. She loses herself in movies, which reaffirm her belief that she is ugly and that romantic love is reserved for the beautiful. She encourages her husband’s violent behavior in order to reinforce her own role as a martyr. She feels most alive when she is at work, cleaning a white woman’s home. She loves this home and despises her own. Cholly, Pecola’s father, was abandoned by his parents and raised by his great aunt, who died when he was a young teenager. He was humiliated by two white men who found him having sex for the first time and made him continue while they watched. He ran away to find his father but was rebuffed by him. By the time he met Pauline, he was a wild and rootless man. He feels trapped in his marriage and has lost interest in life.
Cholly returns home one day and finds Pecola washing dishes. With mixed motives of tenderness and hatred that are fueled by guilt, he rapes her. When Pecola’s mother finds her unconscious on the floor, she disbelieves Pecola’s story and beats her. Pecola goes to Soaphead Church, a sham mystic, and asks him for blue eyes. Instead of helping her, he uses her to kill a dog he dislikes.
Claudia and Frieda find out that Pecola has been impregnated by her father, and unlike the rest of the neighborhood, they want the baby to live. They sacrifice the money they have been saving for a bicycle and plant marigold seeds. They believe that if the flowers live, so will Pecola’s baby. The flowers refuse to bloom, and Pecola’s baby dies when it is born prematurely. Cholly, who rapes Pecola a second time and then runs away, dies in a workhouse. Pecola goes mad, believing that her cherished wish has been fulfilled and that she has the bluest eyes.

I have tack summery from this cite.
http://m.sparknotes.com/lit/bluesteye/summary/

Online discussion on contemporary Debates and Mario Vargos Llosa.

Online Discussion 2017-2018

: Contemporary Debates and Mario Vargos LlosaContemporary Debates and Mario Vargos Llosa.

            Mario Vargos Llosa is a Peruvian writer, politician, journalist, essayist and college professor.  In 2010 he won the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat" 

                He expounds on his theories of freedom and the individual and talks about his new book, La llamada de la tribu, or, The Call of the Tribe, which argues in favor of liberal thought in reference to seven influential authors: Adam Smith, José Ortega y Gasset, Friedrich von Hayek, Karl Popper, Raymond Aron, Isaiah Berlin and Jean-François Revel. 
                   Mario Vargas Llosa opinions on the issues related to 'liberals', 'nationalism', 'populism', 'greatest challenge to Democracy', 'intellectual honesty', 'literature and morality', political correctness and freedom', and 'technology' .
Liberalism :
Liberalism doesn’t just embrace, it actually stimulates difference. It recognizes that society is composed of very different kinds of people and it’s important to keep it that way. It’s not an ideology; an ideology is a secular religion. Liberalism defends some basic ideas: freedom, individualism, the rejection of collectivism and nationalism . Fascism and communism have attacked liberalism strongly, mainly by caricaturing it and linking it to conservatism.

Nationalism:
Llosa speak about Nationalism as a kind of racism. He says that, if we believe that belonging to a certain country or nation or race or religion is a privilege, a value in itself. So nationalism is good but now a days we find people do lot many wrong things on the name of nationalism. 

Gretest Challange to Democracy :
The remarkable thing about our Democracy is that a poor , illiterate , low skilled , ridden with Religious/caste/regional divisive forces , Country liberated from colonisation What is seen is not the truth in this post truth era but it has hidden reality which operates by the powerful people/companies like now Jio has control over the public as having all data of public. People even don't have freedom of speech or to raise voice against injustice.So, Democracy is just the illusion not really present in our society.

Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde By : Robert Louis Stevenson

 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
By : Robert Louis Stevenson

  








Introduction:
                   
                   Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a Gothic novella by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson first published in 1886. The work is also known as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde. It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde. The novella's impact is such that it has become a part of the language, with the very phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" coming to mean a person who is vastly different in moral character from one situation to the next.


Plot overview of the novel Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde:

               On their weekly walk, an eminently sensible, trustworthy lawyer named Mr. Utterson listens as his friend Enfield tells a gruesome tale of assault. The tale describes a sinister figure named Mr. Hyde who tramples a young girl, disappears into a door on the street, and reemerges to pay off her relatives with a check signed by a respectable gentleman. Since both Utterson and Enfield disapprove of gossip, they agree to speak no further of the matter. It happens, however, that one of Utterson’s clients and close friends, Dr. Jekyll, has written a will transferring all of his property to this same Mr. Hyde. Soon, Utterson begins having dreams in which a faceless figure stalks through a nightmarish version of London.

              Puzzled, the lawyer visits Jekyll and their mutual friend Dr. Lanyon to try to learn more. Lanyon reports that he no longer sees much of Jekyll, since they had a dispute over the course of Jekyll’s research, which Lanyon calls “unscientific balderdash.” Curious, Utterson stakes out a building that Hyde visits—which, it turns out, is a laboratory attached to the back of Jekyll’s home. Encountering Hyde, Utterson is amazed by how undefinably ugly the man seems, as if deformed, though Utterson cannot say exactly how. Much to Utterson’s surprise, Hyde willingly offers Utterson his address. Jekyll tells Utterson not to concern himself with the matter of Hyde.

                A year passes uneventfully. Then, one night, a servant girl witnesses Hyde brutally beat to death an old man named Sir Danvers Carew, a member of Parliament and a client of Utterson. The police contact Utterson, and Utterson suspects Hyde as the murderer. He leads the officers to Hyde’s apartment, feeling a sense of foreboding amid the eerie weather—the morning is dark and wreathed in fog. When they arrive at the apartment, the murderer has vanished, and police searches prove futile. Shortly thereafter, Utterson again visits Jekyll, who now claims to have ended all relations with Hyde; he shows Utterson a note, allegedly written to Jekyll by Hyde, apologizing for the trouble he has caused him and saying goodbye. That night, however, Utterson’s clerk points out that Hyde’s handwriting bears a remarkable similarity to Jekyll’s own.

                    For a few months, Jekyll acts especially friendly and sociable, as if a weight has been lifted from his shoulders. But then Jekyll suddenly begins to refuse visitors, and Lanyon dies from some kind of shock he received in connection with Jekyll. Before dying, however, Lanyon gives Utterson a letter, with instructions that he not open it until after Jekyll’s death. Meanwhile, Utterson goes out walking with Enfield, and they see Jekyll at a window of his laboratory; the three men begin to converse, but a look of horror comes over Jekyll’s face, and he slams the window and disappears. Soon afterward, Jekyll’s butler, Mr. Poole, visits Utterson in a state of desperation: Jekyll has secluded himself in his laboratory for several weeks, and now the voice that comes from the room sounds nothing like the doctor’s. Utterson and Poole travel to Jekyll’s house through empty, windswept, sinister streets; once there, they find the servants huddled together in fear. After arguing for a time, the two of them resolve to break into Jekyll’s laboratory. Inside, they find the body of Hyde, wearing Jekyll’s clothes and apparently dead by suicide—and a letter from Jekyll to Utterson promising to explain everything.

                   Utterson takes the document home, where first he reads Lanyon’s letter; it reveals that Lanyon’s deterioration and eventual death were caused by the shock of seeing Mr. Hyde take a potion and metamorphose into Dr. Jekyll. The second letter constitutes a testament by Jekyll. It explains how Jekyll, seeking to separate his good side from his darker impulses, discovered a way to transform himself periodically into a deformed monster free of conscience—Mr. Hyde. At first, Jekyll reports, he delighted in becoming Hyde and rejoiced in the moral freedom that the creature possessed. Eventually, however, he found that he was turning into Hyde involuntarily in his sleep, even without taking the potion. At this point, Jekyll resolved to cease becoming Hyde. One night, however, the urge gripped him too strongly, and after the transformation he immediately rushed out and violently killed Sir Danvers Carew. Horrified, Jekyll tried more adamantly to stop the transformations, and for a time he proved successful; one day, however, while sitting in a park, he suddenly turned into Hyde, the first time that an involuntary metamorphosis had happened while he was awake.

                    The letter continues describing Jekyll’s cry for help. Far from his laboratory and hunted by the police as a murderer, Hyde needed Lanyon’s help to get his potions and become Jekyll again—but when he undertook the transformation in Lanyon’s presence, the shock of the sight instigated Lanyon’s deterioration and death. Meanwhile, Jekyll returned to his home, only to find himself ever more helpless and trapped as the transformations increased in frequency and necessitated even larger doses of potion in order to reverse themselves. It was the onset of one of these spontaneous metamorphoses that caused Jekyll to slam his laboratory window shut in the middle of his conversation with Enfield and Utterson. Eventually, the potion began to run out, and Jekyll was unable to find a key ingredient to make more. His ability to change back from Hyde into Jekyll slowly vanished. Jekyll writes that even as he composes his letter he knows that he will soon become Hyde permanently, and he wonders if Hyde will face execution for his crimes or choose to kill himself. Jekyll notes that, in any case, the end of his letter marks the end of the life of Dr. Jekyll. With these words, both the document and the novel come to a close.

The Sense of an Ending

The Sense of an ending
By: Julian Barnes

 This blog is my classroom activity on the Sense of an ending.To show this given this task please click here.

What is the meaning of phrase ‘Blood Money’ in Veronica’s reply email?

               Boold money in  veronica reply email means.It was the money that Sarah ford gave it to Tony where there is something hidden intention was there and as it also show some relations like Sarah Ford is responsible for Adrin's suicide so that's why Veronica called Boold Money.

 

How do you decipher the equation: b = s – v x/+ a1 or a2 + v + a1 X s = b?

 

                 b = s – v x/+ a1. In this first formula doesn't involved Tony and seems to imply little more than Sarah and Adrin together in veronica's absence.

                  a2 + v + a1 X s = b? In this formula, A2 = Antony Webster, V = Veronica, A1 = Adrin, S = Sarah Ford, B = Baby, a1xs = a1's relationship with S. Antony Webster ,Veronica and Adrin are friends and the relationship of Adrin with Sarah came as a result of baby.
 Adrian’s diary is willed to Tony by Sarah Ford. Why did Sarah Ford own it? Why was it in the possession of Veronica?

             Adrin  wrote his diary for Tony. This dairy he gave to Sarah Ford because he had affair with Veronica's mother. "Adrin was happy in his last days". It shows that Adrin was happy with Sarah, and she was with Adrin in those days. As Adrin and Sarah were in relation than it's obvious should have Adrin Diary. So until her Death diary was in her possession and in her will she passed that diary to Tony but Veronica was reluctant to hand it over to Tony.

Was the mentally retarded middle aged ‘Adrian’, Tony’s friend who did not commit suicide and was suffering from trauma and thus gone mad, and was living with hidden identity?

                   No, this statement is not true. Adrian is dead.  Adrian was happy in his last few days but he was also suffering from trauma because he felt guilty for what he did.He had also saw this one example of his own friend who also committed suicide because in his school life he made his girlfriend pregnant. So Adrian feels guilty, and then he commits suicide.

 How was Veronica related to Adrian, the one suffering in care-in-the-community?

                 Veronica child Adrin suffering from mental disease and she means Veronica as a mother suffering in care in the community , but letter on as time passes he come to know  that Veronica and Adrin are brother and sister. And as a sister , she carries her brother Adrin.

Do you see any missing block – some dot which is not getting connected with the whole or dot missing to get full sense of the novel - in the plot of this psychological thriller?
           
                   There are many missing block in this novel. Mrs. Sarah Ford's character is very mysterious. many question remains in answered like. What did Sarah Ford told about Veronica to Tony and Adrin that both of them left Veronica ? What is the reason of Adrin and Robson's suicide? 

 Do you see any possible reason in the suicide of Adrian Finn?

                    There are two reasons behind the Adrian's suicide of . First, he is suicide because of the suffering from trauma. Second is he affair with her girlfriend mother and he had burden of There baby and that is why he had also fear from society so that is why he committed suicide .

In the light of new revelations, how do you read character of Veronica? Instinctive, manipulative, calculating, stubborn, haughty, sacrificial, trustworthy, good Samaritan?
           we find two Veronica in the novel. The first image Tony created through his memory is not appropriate for the Veronica of the second part. We believe about Veronia whatever narrated by Tony in the first part. But when as a reader we directly come in contact with her- she is more carring, trustworthy, good Samaritan, who is taking lot of care of young Adrian.
 What do you mean by Unreliable Narrator? Is Tony Webster classifiable as Unreliable Narrator?
 

                     Tony can also be called an unreliable narrator because as from Beginning till the End he can’t remember things exactly, and also he starts his narration by saying that “I remember, in no particular order”. And we also find in the cover page there is one watch which symbolizes the time and the memory of the narrator of the novel. Which also symbolizes the history. And we also see in that cover page that there the title is written in different way that “The Sense” seems inside symbolizes the deep sense of the narrator where he goes back to the past of his memory and the “of an Ending” is written outside in front page it shows the complexity and different ending of this  novel.